Questions 10 Bank S.St. History. Chapter 1.Nationalism in Europe.

Chapter 1.History.
Nationalism In Europe.

A. Multiple Choice Questions. 1 Marks.
1.Which country became full fledged territorial state in Europe in the year 1789?
a) Germany
b) France
c) England
d) Spain
2. When was the first clear expression of nationalism noticed in Europe?
a) 1787
b) 1759
c) 1789
d)1769
3. Which one language among the following, written and spoken in Paris and further accepted as common language of that nation?
a) English
b) German
c) Spanish
d) French
4. Which newly designed flag was chosen to replace the formal flag 'Royal Standard' in France?
a) Union jack
b) Tricolour
c) White Saltire
d) Red Cross
5. Which of the following reforms made the whole system in France more rational and efficient?
a) Administrative reform
b) Social reform
c) Economic reform
d) Political reform
6. Which region is ruled over by 'The Habsburg 'Empire?
a) Austira-Hungary 
b) France-Nethernalnds
c) Spain-Portugal
d) Scotland-Ireland
7. Which language was spoken for purposes of diplomacy in the mid 18th century in Europe?
a) German
b) English
c) French
d) Spanish
8. What was the main feature of the pattern of land holding prevailing in the eastern and Central Europe?
a) Tenants
b) Vast estates 
c) Small owners 
d) Landlords 
9. Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of 'Nationalism'?
a) French revolution 
b) Russian revolution
c) Glorious Revolution
d) The Revolution of the liberals 
10. Where was the first upheaval took place in July, 1830?
a) Italy
b) France
c) Germany
d) Greece
11. Identify the appropriate factors led to the rise of nationalism in Europe.
a) The spread of the ideology of liberalism
b) Great economic hardship in Europe
c) The rise of commercial class
d)It established traditional institution of state and society.
12. Arrange the following in the correct sequence
i) Treaty of Vienna 
ii) Napoleonic Wars began
iii) Unification of Italy
iv) French revolution 
Codes
a) 4,2,1,3
b) 4,3,2,1
c) 1,2,3,4
d) 1,4,3,2
13. Arrange the following in the in the correct sequence
i) Unification of Italy
ii) French revolution
iii) Unification of Germany
iv) Napoleon invaded Italy
Codes
a) 2,4,1,3
b) 3,4,2,1
c) 4,3,2,1
d) 1,2,3,4
14. Find the incorrect option 
a) Treaty of Vienna was signed in 1845.
b) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.
c) Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy
d) During the 19th century nationalism emerged as force in Europe.
15. Find the incorrect option
a) The Napoleonic Code (Civil code) was introduced in 1804.
b) The 1830, where the years of great economic hardship in Europe.
c) Count Camillo de Cavour was in the unification of Italy.
d) In 1831, an armed rebellion against reservation rule took place.
Fill in the blanks
16. The treaty of Vienna was signed in ___.
17. ___ destroyed democracy in France.
18. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy in ___.
19. ___ country had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.

Very Short Answer Questions.

20. To which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong?
21. Name the French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a new world.
22. Name the painting prepared by Frederic Sorrieu in 1848.
23. What was the main aim of the French Revolutionaries?
24. Which type of government was functioning in France before the revolution of 1789?
25. When was France declared as a republic?
26.When did Napoleon invaded Italy?
27. Who implemented the Civil Code of 1804 in France?
28. Who hosted the Congress at Vienna in 1815?
29. Explain the aim to form Zollverein, a Customs Union, in 1834 in Germany?

Short Answer Questions
30. How did nationalism and the idea of thr nation-state emerge?
31. Why did Frederic Sorrieu present Utopian vision in his prints in 1848? Explain one reason.
32. What was the Zollverein? What were it's wider implications?
33. Describe the role of Ottovon Bismark in the making of Germany?
34. How had Napoleonic Code exported to the regions under french control? Explain with examples.
35. How did Britain came into existence as a nation-state? Explain.
36. What were the major proposals of the Vienna Congress?
37. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century? Explain.
38. What were the various impact of French Revolution?
39. What area was known as the Balkans?
40. Explain the political situation of Italy before it's unification.
41. Explain any four reasons how the initial enthusiasm of the people of France soon turned to hostility after Napoleon's takeover of France.
42. 'The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe'.  Support the statements with arguments.
43. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follows 
Source A New Conservatism After 1815
In 1815, representatives of the European powers-Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria-who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposited.
(i) Why and where did the representatives of the European powers who had collectively defeated Napoleon meet?
Source B The Age of Revolution : 1830-1848
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greeks culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle European civilization and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim Empire. The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
(ii) what role did the poets and artists play in the Greek war of independence?
Source C Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
In 1848, food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads. Barricades where erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee. A National assembly proclaimed a republic and granted suffrage to adult males above 21 and guaranteed the right to work.
(iii) Why was Louis Philippe forced to flee?

Long Answers Type Questions : 5 Marks.

44. Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in Balkans after 1817 in Europe.
45. How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism? Explain.
46. Explain the term conservatism. Explain with special reference to Europe.
47. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815. Explain with examples.
48. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
49. Explain the various stages of Italian unification.
50. "Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field we had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Analyse the statement with arguments.
51. Read the extract and answer the questions that follows.
what we know today as Germany ,Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, Duchies and Cantons whose ruler had their autonomous territories. Eastern and Central Europe ware under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity aura common culture. Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions-the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland-as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking. It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
In Hungary, half of the populations spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the Empire, a mass of subject peasent peoples-Bohemians and Slovaks to the North, Slovenes in Carniola, Croasts to the South and Roumans to the East in Transylvania.
Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
(i) why were Germany in Italy and Switzerland not national states till the mid 18th century?
(ii) Were there any nation-States in Europe in the mid 18th century? How?
(iii) Describe the Habsburg Empire.

Answer : 
Chapter 1.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.

1. b) France 
2. c) 1789
3. d) French
4. b) Tricolour
5. a) Administrative reform
6. a) Austria-Hungary
7. c) French 
8. b) Vast estates
9. a) French revolution 
10. b) France
11. a)The spread of the ideology of liberalism
12. a)4,2,1,3
13. a) 2,4,1,3
14. a) Treaty of Vienna was signed in 1845.
15. c) Count Camillo de Cavour was central figure in the unification of Italy.
Fill in the blanks
16. 1815 
17. Napoleon Bonaparte
18. 1861
19. Greece
Very Short Answer Questions
20. Frederic sorrieu belong to France.
21. The French artist Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a new world.
22. In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu prepared the painting 'The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics-The pact between Nations'.
23. The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to liberate the people of France and also the people of Europe from despotism and establish nation-state under common people's rule.
24. The Monarchial type of government was functioning in France before the revolution of 1789.
25. On 21st September, 1792, the newly elected assembly abolished the monarchy and declared France as a republic.
26. In 1797, Napoleon invaded Italy.
27. Napoleon Bonaparte implemented the Civil Code of 1804 in France.
28. The Congress at Vienna in 1815 was hosted by the Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich.
29. The aim to form Customs Union or Zollverein in 1834 in Germany was to strength nationalism among its member states.
Short answers Questions
30. Nationalism and the idea of the nation state emerged within culturally and originally diverse groups of Europe. due to industrialization and transformation of society, there emerged a middle-class consisting of businessman, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working class people.
Out of these, the middle class people thought of of uniting the the culturally compatible sections of people in Europe by abolishing the privilege enjoyed by the aristocracy. This led to nationalism and emergence of idea of the nation state.
31. Frederic Sorrieu presented Utopian vision in his prints in 1848 because of his dreams of a world made up of 'democratic and social republics'. He prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream.
In one of the print it should that people of all ages of Europe and America marched in a long train and offered homage to the Statue of Liberty. France with his tricolor flag reached the statue.
32. Zollverein was a custom Union. In 1834, a customs Union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of prussia. It was joined by most of the German States.
The aim of Zollverein was to blind the Germans economically into a nation. The union abolished the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to only two.
It helped to awaken and raise National sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interest. The German people realised that a free economic system was the only means to engender National feeling.
33. Role of Bismarck in the unification of Germany were:-
i) Under Bismark's command Prussia took the leadership of the movement National unification.
ii) Ottovon Bismarck was the chief architect of the process of unification which was carried with the help of Russian army and bureaucracy.
iii) On the 18th January, 1817, Prussian ministers including the chief minister Ottovon Bismarck gathered in the unheated hall of mirrors in the royal palace of Versailles lease to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.
34. the Napoleonic Code which was also known as the Civil Code of 1804 was exported to the regions under French control in the following ways:
i) In the Dutch republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
ii) In the towns, guild restrictions where removed. Transport and communication systems where improved.
iii) the napoleonic code introduced uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, common national currency. These were helpful for peasants, artists, workers, businessmen and small-scale producers. They enjoyed a new found freedom. These laws facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
35. Britain became a nation-states in the following ways:-
i) before the 18 century, there were different ethnic identifies with its own culture and politics viz English, Welsh, Scot, Irish. As the English, nations grew in wealth and power, its influences over other Island nation also increased.
ii) The English Parliament had taken the power from the monarchy in 1688. It became an instrument in building the nation state of Britain with England at its centre. 
iii) United Kingdom of Britain was established through the act of Union in 1707 between England and Scotland. Scotland eventually got suppressed by the English politically and culturally.
iv) Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. A new British Nation was emerged with the dominant English culture.
36. The four major proposals of the wine or Congress were:-
i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.
ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of French to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
37. Romanticism referred to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiment in the following ways:-
i) Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and Science.
ii) They focused on emotions intuition and mystical feelings.
iii) Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
iv) Some German Romantics like Johann Gottfrued Herder thought that through folk dance, the true spirit of the nation could, be popularised. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the commom people.
38. Various impacts of French Revolution were:-
i) The revolution led to the setting up of jacobin clubs in Different cities of Europe by student's and and other members of educated middle class. It further paved the way for the French Armies to moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and some parts of Italy in the 1790s. The idea of nationalism begin to be carried by French armies.
ii) Another impact of the revolution was the rise of Napoleon. He took several steps to Reform the economy of Europe.
The most important among them was the Civil Code of 1804 which brought the concept of equality of law and uniform laws.
iii) French revolutionaries wanted to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism.
39. The vast territory lying between the Black Sea and the adriatic sea comprising the modern states of Romania, Albania, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro was known as the Balkans.
All the states where once the part of the Ottoman Empire and where inhabited by people broadly known as Slavs. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism and the disintegration of Ottoman Empire made this reason very explosive.
The Balkans states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expence of the others.
40. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. This is shown in the points below:-
i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg empire. 
ii) During the middle of the 19th Century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.
iii) The North was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the Southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
iv) Even the Italian language had not any standard common form. It had many region and local variations.
41. Initially the French Armies were welcomed as harbingers of Liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility. Because people gradually understood that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand-in-hand with political freedom.
The four factors which seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes are:-
i) Increase taxation on people.
ii) Strict censorship on printing media and books
iii) Forced conscription into the French Armies to satisfy its imperialist ambition.
iv) Restrictions on Freedom.
42. The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship on crisis in Europe. The following are the arguments to support the statements:-
i) There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe. As a result unemployment became a common feature in most of the countries.
ii) Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse. Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff competition from rural areas where production was carried out to mainly in homes or small workshops. These products imported from rural areas where obviously cheaper than the town made products.
iii) Due to population, the demand of foods increased. It led to the rise of food prices. This increased price along with a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and whole country.
43. i) The European powers who had collectively defeated Napoleon meet at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
ii) Pets and artists considered Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim Empire.
iii) Louis Phillippe was forced to free because revolution started due to food shortage and widespread unemployment.
Long Answer Questions
44.The explosive conditions prevailed conditions prevailed in balkans after 1817 in Europe were:-
i) The balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
ii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottomon Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. 
iii) All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman empire had sought ti strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalisties broke away from its control and declared independence.
iv) The Balkans people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence, the rebellious nationalists in the Balkans thought to their struggles as attempts to win back their long-last independence. 
45. The ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism in the following ways:-
i) For the liberal middle classes, the ideas of national Unity means the evolution of aristocratic privileges. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
ii) Liberalism emphasise the concept of government. It urges for a constitution and representative government through parliament. National Unity can be maintained by the proper Governance of the Parliament. 
iii) In the economic sphere, liberalism is in favour of the freedom of Markets and the evolution of state imposed restrictions and the movement of goods and capitals. During the 19th Century, this was a strong demand of the middle class which was in favour of national Unity.
46. Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of transition established Institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change. 
European Conservatism 
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by conservatism. Conservatives where people who believe that established, traditional institutions of state and Society like the monarchy church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. After the rule of Napoleon the basic ideas of conservatism were changed. Most conservative did not want to return the society of Pre Revolutionary days. Daily lysed the changes initiated by Napoleon strengthened the traditional Institutions like the monarchy in reality. They understood that a modern army, and efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and selfdorm could strengthen the autocratic monarchies in Europe. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of their government. Thus, the conservatives of that tjme accepted the changes which were in favour of their interests.
47. After 1815 due to the fear of reparation, many revolutionaries of liberal nationalists where underground to avoid arrest
i) They  established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
ii) They a post Monika forms of governments that were established after the Veinna Congress.
iii) They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom.
iv)Giuseppe Mazzini founded secret societies lesbian Italy and young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy.
v) Following Mazzini's model, secret societies was set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
vi) Liberalism nationalism brought revolution in many regions of Europe like the provinces of Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland besides Italy and Germany.
48. The development of Nationalism in Europe was not only the result of what and territorial expansion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe the following examples state the fact:-
i) Art, Poetry, Stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feeligs in Europe. 
ii) Romaticism, a cultural movement develop the particular form of Nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticise the glorification of science and reason. T tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage as the basis of a nation. Give importance on emotions Institutions and mystical feelings. 
iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Hoerder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people ( das volk) in their folk song folk poetry and folk dances.
iv) Vernacular languages and folklores strengthen the national script.
v) In Poland Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through opera and music.
vi) Allegory of Germania and Marianne developed national feelings among citizens.
Long Answer Questions
44.The explosive conditions prevailed conditions prevailed in balkans after 1817 in Europe were:-
i) The balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
ii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottomon Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. 
iii) All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman empire had sought ti strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalisties broke away from its control and declared independence.
iv) The Balkans people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence, the rebellious nationalists in the Balkans thought to their struggles as attempts to win back their long-last independence. 
45. The ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism in the following ways:-
i) For the liberal middle classes, the ideas of national Unity means the evolution of aristocratic privileges. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
ii) Liberalism emphasise the concept of government. It urges for a constitution and representative government through parliament. National Unity can be maintained by the proper Governance of the Parliament. 
iii) In the economic sphere, liberalism is in favour of the freedom of Markets and the evolution of state imposed restrictions and the movement of goods and capitals. During the 19th Century, this was a strong demand of the middle class which was in favour of national Unity.
46. Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of transition established Institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change. 
European Conservatism 
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by conservatism. Conservatives where people who believe that established, traditional institutions of state and Society like the monarchy church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. After the rule of Napoleon the basic ideas of conservatism were changed. Most conservative did not want to return the society of Pre Revolutionary days. Daily lysed the changes initiated by Napoleon strengthened the traditional Institutions like the monarchy in reality. They understood that a modern army, and efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and selfdorm could strengthen the autocratic monarchies in Europe. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of their government. Thus, the conservatives of that tjme accepted the changes which were in favour of their interests.
47. After 1815 due to the fear of reparation, many revolutionaries of liberal nationalists where underground to avoid arrest
i) They  established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
ii) They a post Monika forms of governments that were established after the Veinna Congress.
iii) They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom.
iv)Giuseppe Mazzini founded secret societies lesbian Italy and young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy.
v) Following Mazzini's model, secret societies was set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
vi) Liberalism nationalism brought revolution in many regions of Europe like the provinces of Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland besides Italy and Germany.
48. The development of Nationalism in Europe was not only the result of what and territorial expansion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe the following examples state the fact:-
i) Art, Poetry, Stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feeligs in Europe. 
ii) Romaticism, a cultural movement develop the particular form of Nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticise the glorification of science and reason. T tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage as the basis of a nation. Give importance on emotions Institutions and mystical feelings. 
iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Hoerder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people ( das volk) in their folk song folk poetry and folk dances.
iv) Vernacular languages and folklores strengthen the national script.
v) In Poland Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through opera and music.
vi) Allegory of Germania and Marianne developed national feelings among citizens.
49. The process or various stages in the unification of Itlay were as follows:
i) Political Fragmentation of Itlay: Itlay had a long history of political fragmentation. Itlay was divided into seven states during the middle of the nineteenth century. Of these seven states only Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House. At that time, North of Itlay was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was ruled by Pope and the Southern region were ruled by the Bourbon kings of Spain.
ii) Role of Giuseppe Mazzini: During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Itlay. He formed the secret society called young Itlay. But both the uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed. Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Itlay which would offer economic development and political dominance.
iii) Role of Cavour: The unification of Itlay was a result of many wars. Chief Minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, and Sardinia- Piedmont  succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
iv) Role of Garibaldi: A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Siciles succeeded to drive out the Spanish rulers with the help of local people. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of Unified Itlay.
50. Napoleon became the ruler of France on 2nd December, 1804. He is established a monarchial political system. He was worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the revolution. But at the same time he did not want to ignore them entirely. So he introduced some reform in the administrative system. he tried to make the whole system more rational and efficient. To achieve this goal, he took some important steps. These were:
i) he introduced Civil Code of 1804 which did away with all privileges based on birth it established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
ii) is simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
iii) moreever, guild restrictions were removed, transport and communication systems weere improved, standardized weights and measures and the common national currency were introduced. By this new policies peasants, artisans, workers and new businessman benefited and started to enjoy a new found freedom.
Thus, it can be concluded that Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles.
51. i) Germany,Italy and Switzerland where not nationstates till the mid 18th century. As the were divided into kingdoms, Duchies and Cantons, whose rulers had their autonomous territories. 
ii) yes, their world nation states in Europe in the mid 18th century. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of diverse peoples. they did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.
iii) The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria-Hungary was a patch work of many different regions and peoples. It included the alpine regions the Tyrol, Austria and the sudtenland-as well as Bohemia. It also included the provinces of lombardy and Venetia.
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